Google| Subject | Re: Republicanism still an offence in England? (wasRe: Queen mother |
| From | ?jevind L?ng |
| Date | 2002-05-26 13:30 (2002-05-26 13:30) |
| Message-ID | <dH3I8.549$t4.918@nntpserver.swip.net> |
| Client | |
| Newsgroups | alt.fan.tolkien |
| Follows | Morgil Blackhope |
| Followups | Pradera (1h & 1m) Flame of the West (3h & 19m) |
"Morgil Blackhope" <morestelx@hotmail.com>skrev i meddelandet:
[snip]
The Meiji Restoration, which initiated the reforms, took place in 1868. At first, the heads of the clans that had led the revolt that officially restored the Imperial dynasty to real power led the reform work, but dissatisfavction with that led to armed conflicts in the 1970's. The power of the clans was ended, and in 1880's parliamentarism was introduced. In 1884, a House of Peers, modelled on that of Britain, was created; in 1885 the government was reorganized with heads of departments and a Prime Minister, and 1888 there was a municipal reform and the creaiton of a Privy Cuncil. In 1889, the constitution was promulgated, and in 1890, the first elected Parliament assembled. It had two chambers: a House of Peers and an elected House of Commons which could be dissolved by the Emperor. Only people with a certain income could vote for the elections to the House of Commons - just as in Europe at the time. The ministers were only answerable to the Emperor, which had been the case in most European countries not long before. After the First World War, Japan got its first governments made up exclusively of elected members of parliament. In 1925, universal vote for all men was introduced, but there were impediments for complete political freedom in the form of laws against Communist or subversive acitvities. (Women ahd to wait for the vote until afetr the Second World War.) During the same period, the military (which had previously ejoyed considerable popular support) lost much of its influence on politics because of its failed internvention in Siberia during and after the Russian Civil War 1917-20. However, they returned and gained control over government through a series of political assassinations and threats. The last real party government was forced to resign in 1932. After that, the governments were dominated by military men and other non-elected men, and that remained the case until after 1945. It must be remembered that the Emperor's power was more apparent than real; when parliamentarism dominated he accepted the decision of parliamentary governments; when the military dominated, he took orders from them. All in all, I should say that the Japanese evolved a parliamentary system in a remarkably short time, and that the reformers after 1945 had quite a lot to build on.?jevind L?ngMorgil Blackhope
I have understood that Japanese system was only seemingly
parlamental, and all the important decisions were done by government which was appointed, not elected and independent of the parlament.
?jevind ?jevind
2002-03-30-
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